a) what do you understand about language planning and policy? Decisions around language policy and planning are made around the globe every day, both formally by governments and informally by scholars and community leaders. These decisions influence the right to use and maintain languages, affect language status, and determine which languages are nurtured. Language policy and planning decisions have a major impact on language vitality and, ultimately, on the rights of the individual. Language policies, requirements, and practices have important consequences in all social contexts. “Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behavior of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of their language codes” (Cooper, 1989, p. 45). It may be undertaken with formal, official governmental sanction or reflected in unofficial and informal practices. Language planning is frequently undertaken for the expressed purpose of solving communication problems. Nevertheless, ill conceived, poorly informed policies can result in negative impacts on those affected by them. Usually, it will involve the development of goals, objectives, and strategies to change the way how the language is used. At the government level, the design language takes the form of the language policy. Many countries have a regulatory body language specifically tasked to formulate and implement policies to language planning. The design language can be divided into three sub-dimensions. Corpus planning refers to intervention in the forms of a language. This may be achieved by creating words or phrases that are new, renovating old ones, or choosing between alternative forms. Corpus planning is to develop the resources of a language so that it will be a medium of communication that is appropriate for modern topics and forms the description that comes with the term required for administrative purposes, education, and so on. Corpus planning is often associated with the standardization of a language, and involves the provision of a normative orthography, grammar, and dictionary to guide writers and speakers in a speech community. Efforts purity of the language and the provision of foreign words (please refer to linguistic protection) are also included in the field of corpus planning, as well as spelling reform and the introduction of new writing systems (for example, Turkish). For a language not previously written, the first step in planning the development of the corpus is a writing system. Status planning refers to efforts to allocate the functions of language and literacy in a speech community. It involves the selection status, and the cause of the language variations into an 'official language', 'national language', and so on. Often, the planning will involve upgrading the status of a language or dialect to be a disorder that may affect the prestige dialects competitive. The design is a matter of status must be to create a new system of writing as a writing system can only be developed after an appropriate accent has been selected as standard. Planning status language planning aspects tend to be the most controversial (see article on language policy). Acquisition planning is concerned with the teaching and learning of languages, either the national language or a second language or foreign language. It involves efforts to influence the distribution of the number of users as well as language and literacy achieved by creating opportunities or incentives to membelajarinya. These efforts may underlie the policies of assimilation or pluralism. Planning acquisition is directly linked to the spread of the language. While planning the procurement is usually the national governments, regional, or local bodies such as the British Council, Alliance française, Instituto Cervantes, and Goethe-Institut is also very active in promoting education in their own languages. b) what are the national and official languages of the Arab countries (pick one country)? The official language of Egypt is Standard Arabic. It is taught in schools and thus spoken by nearly everyone, with the exception of a small minority, mainly uneducated individuals, bedouins, and desert dwellers. Standard Arabic is the Arabic used in official forms such as television, newspapers, government speeches, and teaching and educational institutions. It is the only common form that is understood by all the different countries of the Arab world (except Western Sahara, Mauritania and Chad). However, the native language in most of the country and the national lingua franca is Egyptian Arabic, one of the numerous (mostly mutually unintelligible) local dialects of Arabic. Although each country in the Arab world has its own dialect(s), Egyptian Arabic has the highest number of native speakers and is in fact also known as a second language by many Arabs especially in the neighbouring countries, due to the popularity of Egyptian cinema and media in the Middle East. As Egypt was a British colony until 1952, most educated locals learn English at school. Travellers are unlikely to encounter difficulties finding someone who speaks English, especially in the cities and tourist centres. In fact, English and French are taught as second languages in all public Egyptian schools, although people who go to these schools might be able to speak the language with varying degrees, depending on their education and socio-economic class (the higher having more language skills). Among the educated class, older people over 40 will generally be more fluent in French, as French was the dominant language of education in the past before English became dominant. This however, is becoming more exceptional as there are more young people going to French schools than before, so there are a number of young people who speak French as well besides English. There are also a few German schools where students are taught everything in German and following the German curriculum as well. The most other common languages are Italian, Spanish, and Russian due to the high number of tourists who come from Europe speaking these languages. Following usual rules of politeness, instead of simply starting a conversation with someone in English, ask "Do you speak English?". All the better if you can do it in Egyptian Arabic: betekkallem ’engelīzi? (addressing a male) or betekkallemi ’engelīzi? (addressing a female). In the southern parts of the country, such as Luxor and Aswan, the local language is called Sa'idi Arabic, and is different from the standard Egyptian Arabic spoken in the north of the country. There are also people Black Africans in the far south speaking the totally different Nubian language. However, basically all people can speak Egyptian Arabic and in the cities also often standard Arabic and English. Bedouins of Siwa and the western deserts of Egypt speak a language called Berber, also called Siwi, which is an unwritten language unique to them that only they can speak. These people are bilingual in Egyptian Arabic. The bedouins tribes of other areas of Egypt have their own dialect of Arabic, which would not be normally understood by the ordinary urban Egyptian, but again these people will be bilingual in the Egyptian dialect. Contrary to the belief of some people, nobody speaks or understands Heiroglyphics (the ancient Egyptian language of the pharaohs ) except those who studied Egyptology or work in the field of archeology or give museum tour guides. c) are there dialects and indigenous languages in Arab countries (pick one country) Despite being such a widely spoken language, there are many varieties of Arabic throughout both the world and in Saudi Arabia itself. Although most people will be able to communicate with one another in MSA, there are three distinct dialects within the country. Najdi Arabic Spoken mainly in the central region of the country, this is the first language of almost ⅓ of the country. This form of the language can be broken up into four even smaller dialects depending on location. Hejazi Arabic Spoken throughout the west of the country, Hejazi Arabic has two distinct forms: rural and urban. The urban form is the most commonly known version, as it is spoken in the cities of Mecca, Jeddah, and Medina. Gulf Arabic Heard predominantly around the coastal regions - this dialect also spreads to the gulf regions of the UAE, Qatar, Iran, Iraq, and Bahrain. Minority Languages Saudi Arabia has attracted a large expatriate community, many of whom continue to speak their first language alongside Arabic. The most largely spoken minority languages within Saudi Arabia include Tagalog, Rohingya, and Urdu - the languages of the Philippines, Myanmar, and Pakistan respectively. With so many different languages in the country, it can be daunting when choosing what to learn. But with knowledge of Modern Standard Arabic, you will be understood in most places you visit. d) what is the language policy and planning in Mesir The design language standards include the position of the language in relation to other languages in government system. Scheme involving the status or status changes in the function of a language or variety of language and the rights of those who use it. It emphasizes the role of language in nation building. The use of the official languages of the determination of status of the language in a country. The design language standards take into consideration several factors, namely national identity, language, and national prestige in the world of international participation First, the sole official language policy.Second, the official language policy that contains more than one language.Third, the official language of the state.Fourth, the language promoted (promoted language), the language that has no official status but is used by the government to deal with the public in official business.Fifth, language permitted (tolerated language), a language that is not official but allowed to be used by the speaker. Making decisions about policies and planning language born of socio-political needs. The design language is also done to reduce linguistic diversity in a country that is multilingual and multinational. Normally the design language for special purposes (for) is geared towards the development of the terminology that did not exist in that language. For example countries in Africa that have developed terminology in their native language to communicate in specific areas. There are also countries that choose to use English or French to gain special field knowledge as regards their mother tongue can not support the concepts contained in this special field. Any decision taken by the competent authorities in determining the level of language planning, the spirit of love for the mother tongue should animate policy makers. e) How is the language policy and planning manifested Designing a common language is a factor in many countries. Whether through advisory system or through direct control, many countries have taken into account the feminist pressure group lobbying and creating policies related to gender and language. Given all the basic common language also involves the field of translation, may be made based on the research question.